Caged cell penetrating peptide-polymer conjugates for diagnostic and therapeutic applications

ABSTRACT

The caged cell-penetrating peptide (cCPP) conjugates of this invention are ideal for intracellular delivery of a broad variety of cargoes including various nanoparticle pharmaceutical carriers (liposomes, micelles, microparticles, nanoparticles, polymer-conjugates). The conjugates comprise a detectable agent or a therapeutic agent, and the conjugates provide a novel strategy for site-specific delivery of the same to appropriate tissues in the subject. Versatile application of the conjugates in diagnostics and imaging is described.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser.No. 13/700,847, filed on Oct. 1, 2013, which is a U.S. National Phaseapplication, filed under 35 U.S.C. § 371, of International ApplicationNo. PCT/IL2011/000413, filed on May 26, 2011, which claims priority to,and the benefit of, U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/349,819, filedon May 29, 2010, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein byreference in their entireties.

INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF SEQUENCE LISTING

The contents of the file named “WOLF-003C01US_ST25.txt”, which wascreated on Nov. 30, 2018, and is 1.86 KB in size are hereby incorporatedby reference in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention describes a targeting strategy for the selectiveintracellular delivery of diagnostic or therapeutic agents to cells bymeans of polymer-caged cell penetrating peptide conjugates modified toinclude a diagnostic or therapeutic agent, which enhances thesensitivity of the diagnostic and therapeutic agent.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The development of therapeutic agents capable of specifically targetingcancer cells and tumor-associated microenvironments including tumorblood vessels remains an important goal.

One strategy to achieve a high local concentration of chemotherapeuticdrugs in tumor tissues is the incorporation of a targeting ligand ableto actively guide the therapeutic agents to antigens or receptorsuniquely expressed or over-expressed on the target cells relative tonormal tissues. Various targeted drug delivery systems have beendesigned to contain antibodies or antibody Fab′ fragments, lectins,proteins or peptides as targeting ligands to direct chemotherapeuticdrugs selectively to cancer cells. However, when constructing targeteddrug delivery systems, issues of the degree of receptor expression,heterogeneity in receptor expression among different tumor cells,binding affinity of the ligands for their receptor and the occurrence ofreceptor-mediated internalization might limit the choice of targetingligands that are available for active drug targeting.

Certain polycationic sequences [also termed cell-penetrating peptides(CPPs) or protein transduction domains (PTDs)] can bring covalentlyattached payloads into mammalian cells without requiring specificreceptors. Such proteins or peptides contain domains of less than 20amino acids that are highly rich in basic residues, and have been usedfor intracellular delivery of various cargoes with molecular weightssignificantly greater than their own. These peptides include the 60amino acid Antennapedia (Antp) (from Drosophila), the penetratinhomeodomain derived peptide sequence (RRMKWKK (SEQ ID NO: 1) the HIV-1Tat protein (TATp), The VP22 protein (DAATATRGRSAASRPTERPRAPARSASRPRRPVD(SEQ ID NO: 2) from the Herpes Simplex Virus type-1, the chimericpeptides such as transportan (GWTLNSAGYLLKINLKALAA1AKKIL (SEQ ID NO:3)), and synthetic polyarginines, such as R9.

However, several biologic features limit CPP usefulness in livinganimals, most significantly being the lack of cell specificity. All theCPPs are highly positively charged, presenting basic residues of lysineor arginine. These cationic oligopeptides are able to attach rapidly andstrongly to the cell surface through non-specific electrostaticinteractions with the negative charges present of anionic phospholipidsand glycosaminoglycans. In fact, upon administration (intravenous, IV,or intraperitoneal, IP), CPPs and their therapeutic conjugates aredispersed almost all over the body and can be found in blood cells,lung, liver, kidney and other tissues, even in the brain, indicating thepenetration through the blood brain barrier (BBB). Therefore in drugdelivery systems (DDS) the use of conventional CPPs was generallylimited by the nature of the cargo molecule and its ability to keephealthy cells unharmed due to non-specific cell penetration.

While some efforts were made to enhance cell uptake specificity,including fusing the CPP to a cleavable linker, which prevents uptakeunless cleavage occurs, such systems are not terribly versatile orreliable.

There remains a need for effective targeting of diseased cells andtissue and thereby effective diagnostic and therapeutic targeteddelivery systems of high sensitivity.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment this invention provides a caged cell penetratingpeptide (cCPP)-macromolecular carrier conjugate characterized by thestructure of formula 1:

wherein

-   -   x and y indicate percentages of the respective element        composition of the conjugate,    -   wherein x is between about 0.05%-50%, y is between 0 to 50, u is        between 0-50% and z is between 0-50%;    -   P is a caged cell penetrating peptide    -   M is a macromolecular carrier molecule;    -   D is a detectable agent or a therapeutic agent, or a combination        thereof; and    -   J and K are spacer molecules.

In some embodiments, the invention also provides a compositioncomprising a conjugate as herein described.

In other embodiments, the invention provides a method of imaging aninflammatory condition in a subject, said method comprisingadministering a conjugate of the invention to said subject.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of imaging adisease associated with neovascularization in a subject, said methodcomprising administering a conjugate of this the invention to saidsubject.

In another embodiment, this invention provides a method of imaging acancerous cell or cancerous tissue in a subject, said method comprisingthe step of contacting said cancer or cancerous tissue with a conjugateof this invention.

In another embodiment, this invention provides a method of treating aninflammatory condition in a subject, said method comprisingadministering a conjugate of this invention to said subject.

In another embodiment, this invention provides a method of treating adisease associated with neovascularization in a subject, said methodcomprising administering a conjugate of this invention to said subject.

In another embodiment, this invention provides a method of treating acancerous cell or cancerous tissue in a subject, said method comprisingthe step of contacting said cancer or cancerous tissue with a conjugateof this invention.

All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned herein arehereby incorporated by reference in their entirety as if each individualpublication or patent was specifically and individually indicated to beincorporated by reference. In case of a conflict between thespecification and an incorporated reference, the specification shallcontrol. Where number ranges are given in this document, endpoints areincluded within the range. Furthermore, it is to be understood thatunless otherwise indicated or otherwise evident from the context andunderstanding of one of ordinary skill in the art, values that areexpressed as ranges can assume any specific value or sub-range withinthe stated ranges, optionally including or excluding either or bothendpoints, in different embodiments of the invention, to the tenth ofthe unit of the lower limit of the range, unless the context clearlydictates otherwise. Where a percentage is recited in reference to avalue that intrinsically has units that are whole numbers, any resultingfraction may be rounded to the nearest whole number.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The subject matter regarded as the invention is particularly pointed outand distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of the specification.The invention, however, both as to organization and method of operation,together with objects, features, and advantages thereof, may best beunderstood by reference to the following detailed description when readwith the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 depicts a scheme for light activated cell penetration ofpolymer-cCPP conjugates. In dark, the copolymer bearing cCPP is inactiveand cannot cross the cell membrane. Upon illumination with UV light thecaging molecule is released, cell penetration ability is restored andthe copolymer can rapidly enter cells.

FIG. 2 depicts the uncaging kinetics of cCPP as a function of lightillumination time (365 nm) as determined with HPLC.

FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B depict the structure of light activated HPMAcopolymers bearing cCPP. FIG. 3A depicts the structure of a FITC-labeledHPMA copolymer, M-cCPP-FITC. FIG. 3B depicts the structure of aHPMA-bearing pro-apoptic peptide linked via pH sensitive bond,M-(cCPP)-KLAK.

FIG. 4A-FIG. 4D depict light activated cell penetration of M-(cCPP)-FITCin various cell lines. Cells were incubated with 40 μg/ml M-(cCPP)-FITCor M-FITC (control) and illuminated with of UV Light (700 μW/cm2; λ=365nm) for 10 minutes or kept in the dark, followed by 2 h incubation at37° C. The cell associated fluorescence was measured by flow cytometry(excitation at 492 nm, emission at 525 nm). FIG. 4A depicts lightactivated cell penetration of M-(cCPP)-FITC in PC-3 cells. FIG. 4Bdepicts light activated cell penetration of M-(cCPP)-FITC in 3LL cells.FIG. 4C depicts light activated cell penetration of M-(cCPP)-FITC inA-431 cells. FIG. 4D depicts light activated cell penetration ofM-(cCPP)-FITC in SW-480 cells.

FIG. 5A-FIG. 5F depict light activated penetration of M-(cCPP)-FITC intoPC-3 cells in situ. Cells were incubated with 50 μg/ml M-(cCPP)-FITC andilluminated with of UV Light (700 μW/cm2; λ=365 nm) for 10 minutes orkept in the dark, followed by 2 h incubation at 37° C. At the end of thefirst hour LysoTracker Red DND-99 was added to the medium to visualizelysosomes. Cell-fluorescence was imaged by fluorescence confocalmicroscopy. FIG. 5A depicts LysoTracker Red staining in illuminatedcells. FIG. 5B depicts FITC staining in illuminated cells. FIG. 5Cdepicts a merged image of LysoTracker Red staining and FITC staining inilluminated cells. FIG. 5D depicts LysoTracker Red staining innon-illuminated cells. FIG. 5E depicts FITC staining in non-illuminatedcells. FIG. 5F depicts a merged image of LysoTracker Red staining andFITC staining in non-illuminated cells.

FIG. 6A depicts illumination time-dependence and dose-dependence of theviability of PC-3 cells incubated with 80 μM (solid blue), 40 μM (dashedblue), 20 μM (dots blue) M-(cCPP)-KLAK (KLAK equiv), 80 μM KLAK (solidgreen), and 80 μM M-(cCPP) (solid red), as determined by MIT assay. Theresults presented are the average of 3 independent experiments, induplicates. Untreated control cells corresponded to 100% viability. FIG.6B depicts light-induced cell cytotoxicity of polymer-KLAK conjugatesand free KLAK against various cell-types including A431 cells (top leftgraph), PC-3 cells (top right graph), 3LL cells (bottom left graph) andSW480 cells (bottom right graph). Cells were incubated with 60 μM KLAKequivalent M-(cCPP)-KLAK (dark column), M-(cCPP) (gray column) or 60 μMKLAK (white column) and were illuminated immediately with UV light (365nm) for 8 minutes followed by 2 hours incubation at 37° C. Cellviability was analyzed by MIT assay.

FIG. 7A-FIG. 7D depict FACS analysis results of B-16 cells incubatedwith HPMA-CPP-FITC conjugate mixed with different polyanions (Hep, FI,PGA, HA, P-GG, LMWH, Amb) for 10 min, and then added to B16-cellmonolayers. Control cells were treated with HPMA-CPP-FITC conjugateonly. FIG. 7A depicts results of B-16 cells incubated with HPMA-CPP-FITCconjugate mixed with Hep or FI. FIG. 7B depicts results of B-16 cellsincubated with HPMA-CPP-FITC conjugate mixed with PGA or HA. FIG. 7Cdepicts results of B-16 cells incubated with HPMA-CPP-FITC conjugatemixed with P-GG or LMWH. FIG. 7D depicts results of B-16 cells incubatedwith HPMA-CPP-FITC conjugate mixed with Amb. The mean fluorescenceintensity was significantly reduced following pre-treatment with Hep,LMWH, FI, PGA, PGG, and Amb, due to the efficient masking of the CPPactivity

FIG. 8A-FIG. 8D depict FACS analysis results of stability testing ofHPMA-CPP-FITC polyanion complexes incubated with B-16 cells at differenttime points. FIG. 8A depicts results of B-16 cells incubated with acomplex of HPMA-CPP-FITC and the polyanion Hep. FIG. 8B depicts resultsof B-16 cells incubated with a complex of HPMA-CPP-FITC and thepolyanion FI. FIG. 8C depicts results of B-16 cells incubated with acomplex of HPMA-CPP-FITC and the polyanion LMWH. FIG. 8D depicts resultsof B-16 cells incubated with a complex of HPMA-CPP-FITC and thepolyanion Amb. The mean fluorescence intensity was significantly reducedfollowing pretreatment with the complexes, indicating that complexeswere stable at growth medium for at least 6 hours.

FIG. 9A-FIG. 9D depict the reversible masking of CPP activity bypolyanion complexes via the addition of protamine. FIG. 9A depicts thereversible masking of CCP activity by polyanion complexes comprising thepolyanion fucoidan via the addition or protamine. FIG. 9B depicts thereversible masking of CCP activity by polyanion complexes comprising thepolyanion LMWH via the addition or protamine. FIG. 9C depicts thereversible masking of CCP activity by polyanion complexes comprising thepolyanion Heparin via the addition or protamine. FIG. 9D depicts thereversible masking of CCP activity by polyanion complexes comprising thepolyanion P-GG-OH via the addition or protamine.

FIG. 10 depicts FACS analysis results of polyanion release fromHPMA-CPP-FITC complexes by protamine was at the following order:LMWH>P-GG100%>Fl>Hep.

FIG. 11 depicts a time control caged peptide system using1,2-cyclohexanedione. Formed HPMA-CPP-FITC (P-CPP)-CHD complexes wereadded to B16 cell monolayers. After 15 h, 40% of the CPP activity wasregained. 100% of CPP activity was attained by 24 h post treatment.

It will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of illustration,elements shown in the figures have not necessarily been drawn to scale.For example, the dimensions of some of the elements may be exaggeratedrelative to other elements for clarity. Further, where consideredappropriate, reference numerals may be repeated among the figures toindicate corresponding or analogous elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION

In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are setforth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the invention.However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that thepresent invention may be practiced without these specific details. Inother instances, well-known methods, procedures, and components have notbeen described in detail so as not to obscure the present invention.

This invention provides, inter alia, for the specific intracellularuptake of imaging and therapeutic agents.

In one embodiment this invention provides a caged cell penetratingpeptide (cCPP)-macromolecular carrier conjugate characterized by thestructure of formula 1:

wherein

-   -   x and y indicate percentages of the respective element        composition of the conjugate,    -   wherein x is between about 0.05%-50%, y is between 0 to 50, u is        between 0-50% and z is between 0-50%;    -   P is a caged cell penetrating peptide    -   M is a macromolecular carrier molecule;    -   D is a detectable agent or a therapeutic agent, or a combination        thereof; and    -   J and K are spacer molecules.

The improved selective targeting and uptake of therapeutic conjugatesinto, inter alia tumors is an application of the invention describedherein. Caged peptides (cCPP) have been utilized to promotelight-dependent intracellular delivery of macromolecules and sitespecific drug release.

In one embodiment of the invention, and as exemplified herein, someembodiments of the conjugates as herein described allowed for lightstimuli to control the function of CPPs and thus improved the efficiencyand selectivity in a model drug delivery system to target cells.

In some embodiments, such light-induced delivery serves as an idealexternal trigger signal, since it can be manipulated very precisely, forexample via laser and other appropriate methodology as will beappreciated by the skilled artisan, resulting in a rapid increase in theconcentration of drug molecules taken up within a given cell.

One unexpectedly useful embodied advantage of the cCPP-based drugdelivery systems of this invention is that it allows for very efficientcellular penetration without the need for receptor mediated uptake (100%of the treated cells demonstrated uptake within 2 hours, as exemplifiedherein).

Another unexpectedly useful embodied advantage of the cCPP-baseddelivery systems, according to this aspect, is that the absence of needfor a specific cell receptor to mediate uptake provides for the furtherability, upon light illumination of the cancerous tissue, to also targetuptake within nearby cells at the tumor microenvironment, resulting in alocal toxicity that could kill cancer cells, as well as supportingendothelial cells and stromal cells within the tumor microenvironment.

Another unexpectedly useful embodied advantage of the cCPP-baseddelivery systems, is that the cCPP-based delivery system results incargo delivery not just to the surface of the target cell but ratherintracellularly and within the nucleus, as well, which is important fortherapeutic payloads for in vivo drug and gene delivery.

The cCPP-based delivery systems of this invention, also referred toherein as the conjugates of this invention, comprise a caged cellpenetrating peptide (cCPP)-macromolecular carrier conjugate.

Examples of caged cell penetrating peptides include any such peptideknown in the art, for example, the TAT protein, which is a transcriptionfactor of human immunodeficiency virus-1, HIV-I) and protein fragmentsthereof, such as amino acids 47 to 57 (YGRKKRRQRRR (SEQ ID NO: 4),(Fawell, S. et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. ScL USA, 91:664, 1994). Otherexamples of cell penetrating peptides (CPPs) include a peptide having anamino acid sequence consisting of amino acids 267 to 300 of the VP22protein of HSY-I (herpes simplex virus type 1) (Elliott, G. et al, Cell,88:223, 1997), a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting ofamino acids 84 to 92 of the UL-56 protein of HSV-2 (GenBank code:D1047gi:221784) and a peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting ofamino acids 339 to 355 of the antennapedia (ANTP) protein of Drosophilasp. (Schwarze, S. R. et al, Trends. Pharmacol ScL, 21:45, 2000). Inaddition, artificial peptides consisting of positively charged aminoacids were also found to be effective (Laus R. et al., NatureBiotechnol. 18:1269-1272 (2000)). Another example of a CPP ispenetratin, as described and exemplified herein, or CPP as described inU.S. Pat. No. 7,579,318; U.S. Patent Application Publication No.20100048487; U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20090292003; Mae M.et. al., Current Opinion in Pharmacology Volume 6: Pages 509-514 (2006);U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20100061932A1; PCT InternationalPatent Application Publication No. WO 2009/120396; U.S. PatentApplication Publication No. 20090292003A1; U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 20080234183, and others, as will be appreciated by theskilled artisan.

The cell penetrating peptides which comprise a part of the conjugates ofthis invention are caged. The term “caged” refers, in some embodiments,to an association of the indicated peptide with a protecting group,which group renders the CPP activity inactive, until such time as theCPP is liberated from the protecting group. In some embodiments, cagingis via a photolabile protecting group, whereby following illumination ofthe cCPP, the molecule is irreversibly activated, since the photolabilegroup is removed from the CPP.

In some embodiments, the photoprotecting group may be any appropriategroup as known in the art, for example, a 4,5-Dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzylchloroformate (Nvoc) protecting group, as described and exemplifiedherein, or a protecting group as described in WO9410128, Michiko Iwamuraet al., (1991) Synlett 35-36; Reichmanis et al., J. Polymer Sc. PolymerChem. Ed. 23:1-8 (1985) McCray et al., Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biophys.Chem. 18:239-70 (1989); A. Barltrop et al., Chemical Communications, p.822 (Nov. 22, 1966); Wilcox et al., J. Org. Chem. 55:1585-1589 (1990);U.S. Pat. No. 5,489,678; PCT International Patent ApplicationPublication No. WO 94/10128, or Nitrovera trylchloroformate; Ru(bpy)2Cl2(see for example, Watai, Y.; Sase, I.; Shiono, H.; Nakano, Y. FEBS Lett2001, 488, 39-44; Tatsu, Y.; Shigeri, Y.; Ishida, A.; Kameshita, I.;Fujisawa, H.; Yumoto, N. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1999, 9, 1093-6; Fino, E.;Araya, R.; Peterka, D. S.; Salierno, M.; Etchenique, R.; Yuste, R. FrontNeural Circuits 2009, 3, 2) and others, as will be appreciated by theskilled artisan.

In some embodiments the photo-cleavable caging molecules may compriseNitro benzylchloroformate, diethylamino-coumarin-4-yl; Ruteniumcomplexes, such as Ru(bpy)2Py2 or Ru(bpy)2Cl2, and others as will beappreciated by the skilled artisan.

In some embodiments, caging is via a time-released protecting group,whereby over time the protecting group is removed from the CPP.

In some embodiments, the time-released protecting group comprises anyappropriate group known in the art, for example, 1,2 cyclohexanedione,2,3 butanedione, Phenylglyoxal or glyoxal (see for example, Toi, K.;Bynum, E.; Norris, E.; Itano, H. A. Chemical Modification of Argininewith 1,2-Cyclohexanedione. J Biol Chem 1965, 240, PC3455-7; ankeelov, J.A., Jr. Modification of arginine in proteins by oligomers of2,3-butanedione. Biochemistry 1970, 9, 2433-9; Takahashi, K. Thereaction of phenylglyoxal with arginine residues in proteins. J BiolChem 1968, 243, 6171-9).

In some embodiments, caging is via a pH-dependent protecting group,whereby when the pH changes the protecting group is removed from theCPP.

In some embodiments, the pH-dependent protecting group comprises anyappropriate group known in the art, for example, Citraconic anhydride,Maleic anhydride and others (see for example, Brinegar, A. C.; Kinsella,J. E. J Agric Food Chem 1980, 28, 818-24).

The cCPP is associated with or attached to a macromolecular carriermolecule. In some embodiments, the macromolecular carrier is a polymer,micelle, polymer micelle, microparticles, nanoparticle, liposome,dendrimer or a bead. It is to be understood, in this context, that inthe formula:

the presence of the “-” represents a covalent or non-covalentassociation between the thus-joined moieties, i.e. between the cCPP andthe macromolecular carrier or between the cCPP and spacer and/or spacerand macromolecular carrier, or between the detectable or therapeuticagent and the molecular carrier and/or between the detectable ortherapeutic agent and spacer and/or spacer and molecular carrier.

In some embodiments, the polymer may comprise underivatized orderivatized monomers of N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA),N-methylacrylamide, N,N-dialkylacrylamides, acrylic acid, methacrylicacid, polyamino acids, polysaccharides, polymers containingpolyethyleneoxide sequences and polyvinyl pyrrolidone-maleic anhydridepolymers, polylactic-co-glycolic acid, or any copolymer thereof. In someembodiments, the macromolecular carrier is a dendrimers,

In some embodiments, the polymer may comprise a polymethylmethacrylate(PMMA), acrylics, acrylates, polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate,polycarbonate, polystyrene and other styrene polymers, polypropylene,polytetrafluoroethylene. In one embodiment, the polymers are homo- or,in another embodiment heteropolymers. In another embodiment, thepolymers are synthetic, or, in another embodiment, the polymers arenatural polymers. In another embodiment, the polymers are free radicalpolymers, or, in another embodiment, graft polymers. In one embodiment,the polymers may comprise proteins, peptides or nucleic acids.

Synthesis of the polymer precursors or of the polymers of this inventionmay be carried out in a number of representative suitable solventsincluding, water, anhydrous polar aprotic solvents such as acetonitrile,tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, or the like, halogenated solvents such aschloroform, or the like. In some embodiments, synthesis is conducted asexemplified herein, or as a variation thereof, as will be appreciated bythe skilled artisan. Synthesis of the monomeric units of the polymersand their linkage to other monomeric units are understood to reflect thechoice of monomeric unit and can be accomplished by routine methodologyknown in the art.

In another embodiment, the polymers are synthesized enzymatically. Inone embodiment, the enzymes used to synthesize the polymers of thisinvention comprise lipases, such as, for example Candida antarcticalipase, or in another embodiment, lipase A, or in another embodiment,lipase B. In another embodiment, the enzyme may comprise an esterase, orin another embodiment, a protease, such as, for example papain orchymotrypsin. In one embodiment, molecular weight of the hydrophilicunits is chosen such that its ability to affect polymerization isconsidered. In one embodiment, the polymer is functionalized with forexample, an alkyl group of varying chain length, comprising a polarfunctionality at the end of the chain.

[Polymers obtained by methods as described herein can be characterizedby methods well known in the art. For example, the molecular weight andmolecular weight distributions can be determined by gel permeationchromatography (GPC), matrix assisted laser desorption ionization(MALDI), and static or dynamic light scattering. Physical and thermalproperties of the polymer products can be evaluated by thermalgravemetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), orsurface tensiometer; the chemical structures of the polymers can bedetermined by, e.g., NMR (1H, 13C NMR, 1H-1H correlation, or 1H-13Ccorrelation), IR, UV, Gas Chromatography-Electron Impact MassSpectroscopy (GC-EIMS), EIMS, or Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy(LCMS).

In some embodiments, the macromolecular carrier is a bead, which maycomprise magnetic or non-magnetic beads, which may further befunctionalized in order to associate the cCPP therewith, e.g. byincorporating divinyl sulfone activated polysaccharides, polystyrenebeads that have been functionalized with tosyl-activated esters,magnetic polystyrene beads functionalized with tosyl-activated esters,and others. Beads may be made of sepharose, sephacryl, polystyrene,agarose, polysaccharide, polycarbamate or any other kind of beads thatcan be suspended in aqueous buffer.

In some embodiments, the macromolecular carrier is a liposome, which maybe any appropriate liposome as known in the art, for example asdescribed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,645,463; 5,885,613; 5,820,873, PCTInternational Patent Applications Publication Nos. WO97/38010, and WO96/34598, and others, as will be appreciated by the skilled artisan.

In some embodiments, the macromolecular carrier is a micelle, which maybe. any appropriate niicelle as known in the art, for example, asdescribed in PCT International Patent Applications Publication Nos. WO03/047494; WO 03/047493; WO 99/60169; WO 00/44348; WO 98/10798; WO97/48337, and others, as will be appreciated by the skilled artisan.

In some embodiments, the macromolecular carrier is a nanoparticle, whichmay be any appropriate nanoparticle as known in the art, for example, asdescribed in PCT International Patent Applications Publication Nos. WO10/048623; WO 10/009146; WO 09/098510; WO2009081287; U.S. PatentApplication Publication No. 20090028948; and others, as will beappreciated by the skilled artisan.

In some embodiments, the macromolecular carrier is a dendrimer, whichmay be any appropriate dendrimer known in the art, for example, asdescribed in US Patent Application Publication No. 20050271615;20030077635; 20050085417; PCT International Application Publication No.WO 04/041310; WO 04/019993; WO 05/040094; WO 02/26867, and others, aswill be appreciated by the skilled artisan.

In some embodiments, the macromolecular carrier is also furtherassociated with or bound to a detectable agent, or in other embodiments,the macromolecular carrier is also further associated with or bound to atherapeutic agent.

In some embodiments, according to this aspect, the detectable agent isfluorescent, luminescent or electron dense.

In some embodiments, the detectable agent is FITC, DAPI, Cy3, Cy3.5,Cy5, Cy5. 5, Cy7, GFP, BFP or RFP, or variants thereof, indocyaninegreen (ICG), or2-[2-[2-Chloro-3-[2-[1,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-1-(4-sulfobutyl)-2H-indol-2-ylidene]-ethylidene]-1-cyclohexen-1-yl]-ethenyl]-3,3-dimethyl-1-(4-sulfobutyl)-3H-indoliumhydroxide (IR783), gadolinium, ¹⁹F.

In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a toxin, achemotherapeutic agent, a radioisotope, an antimetabolite, a microtubuleinhibitor, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is an antineoplastic agentsuch as platinum compounds (e.g., spiroplatin, cisplatin, andcarboplatin), methotrexate, fluorouracil, adriamycin, mitomycin,ansamitocin, bleomycin, cytosine arabinoside, arabinosyl adenine,mercaptopolylysine, vincristine, busulfan, chiorambucil, meiphalan(e.g., PAM, L-PAM or phenylalanine mustard), mercaptopurine, rnitotane,procarbazine hydrochloride dactinomycin (actinomycin D), daunorubicinhydrochloride, doxorubicin hydrochloride, paclitaxel and other taxenes,rapamycin, manumycin A, TNP-470, plicamycin (mithramycin),aminoglutethimide, estramustine phosphate sodium, flutamide, leuprolideacetate, megestrol acetate, tamoxifen citrate, testolactone, trilostane,amsacrine (m-AMSA), asparaginase (L-asparaginase) Erwina asparagmase,interferona-2a, interferona-2b, teniposide (VM-26), vinbiastine sulfate(VLB), vincristine sulfate, bleomycin sulfate, hydroxyurea,procarbazine, and dacarbazine; mitotic inhibitors such as etoposide,coichicine, and the ymca alkaloids, radiopharmaceuticals such asradioactive iodine and phosphorus products and others as will beappreciated by the skilled artisan.

In one embodiment, the term “therapeutic”, refers to a molecule, whichwhen provided to a subject in need, provides a beneficial effect. Insome cases, the molecule is therapeutic in that it functions to replacean absence or diminished presence of such a molecule in a subject. Inone embodiment, the molecule is a nucleic acid coding for the expressionof a protein is absent.

In some embodiments, the therapeutic protein ameliorates, abrogates ordiminishes pathogenesis of a disease in a subject, or in someembodiments, improves symptoms of a disease in a subject, or treats,delays progression of, prolongs remission of, or reduces the incidenceor severity of an indicated disease or condition in the subject.

In one embodiment, the term “toxin” refers to a molecule which resultsin toxic effects in cells and/or tissue exposed to the toxin. In oneembodiment, the toxin results in cell death, or in another embodiment,cell damage. In one embodiment, the toxin is a natural product of cells,such as bacterial cells, wherein the toxin is used, in one embodiment,when specifically targeted to disease cells as a means of selective cellkilling of diseased cells. In one embodiment, the toxin may comprise anyknown in the art, such as, for example that produced by cholera,tetanus, or any other appropriate species, as will be appreciated by oneskilled in the art.

In another embodiment, this invention also comprises incorporation ofany toxic substance for therapeutic purpose. In one embodiment, theconjugates of this invention may incorporate an oligonucleotide encodinga suicide gene, which when taken up within diseased cells or tissue, orneighboring cells or tissue thereto, is expressed within such cells.

In one embodiment, the term “suicide gene” refers to a nucleic acidcoding for a product, wherein the product causes cell death by itself orin the presence of other compounds. A representative example of asuicide gene is one, which codes for thymidine kinase of herpes simplexvirus. Additional examples are thymidine kinase of varicella zostervirus and the bacterial gene cytosine deaminase, which can convert5-fluorocytosine to the highly cytotoxic compound 5-fluorouracil.

Suicide genes may produce cytotoxicity by converting a prodrug to aproduct that is cytotoxic. In one embodiment, the term “prodrug” meansany compound that can be converted to a toxic product for cells.Representative examples of such a prodrug is gancyclovir which isconverted in vivo to a toxic compound by HSV-thymidine kinase. Thegancyclovir derivative subsequently is toxic to cells. Otherrepresentative examples of prodrugs include acyclovir, FJAU,1-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-B-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-iodouracil, 6-methoxypurinearabinoside for VZV-TK, and 5-fluorocytosine for cytosine deaminase.

In some embodiments, the detectable or therapeutic agent is bound to thepolymers in the conjugates of this invention indirectly, via a spacermolecule.

In one embodiment, the spacer is selected depending upon the propertiesdesired. For example, the length of the spacer can be chosen to optimizethe kinetics and specificity of binding, including any conformationalchanges induced by binding of the CPP to a target cell. The spacer, insome embodiments, should be long enough and flexible enough to allowthe, e.g. CPP and the target cell to freely interact/allow for intake ofthe CPP. In some embodiments, if the spacer is too short or too stiff,there may be steric hindrance between the conjugate and the cell.

In some embodiments, the spacer can be, using numerous protocols knownin the art, such as those described in, for example, Pierce Chemicals“Solutions, Cross-linking of Proteins: Basic Concepts and Strategies,”Seminar #12, Rockford, Ill., and modifications of such methods may bereadily achieved, as will be appreciated by the skilled artisan.

In some embodiments, several linkers may be included in order to takeadvantage of desired properties of each linker. Chemical linkers andpeptide linkers may be inserted by covalently coupling the linker to thedetectable agent or therapeutic agent, for example. Heterobifunctionalagents may be used to effect such covalent coupling. Peptide linkers mayalso be used. Flexible linkers are contemplated for use, either alone orwith other linkers are also contemplated herein.

In some embodiments, cleavable spacers are used. Heterobifunctionalcleavable cross-linkers may comprise N-succinimidyl(4-iodoacetyl)-aminobenzoate; sulfosuccinimydil(4-iodoacetyl)-aminobenzoate;4-succinimidyl-oxycarbonyl-a-(2-pyridyidithio)-toluene;sulfosuccinimidyl-6-[a-methyl-a-(pyridyidithiol)-toluamido]hexanoate;N-succinimidyl-3-(-2-pyridyldithio)-proprionate; succinimidyl6(3(-(-2-pyridyidithio)-proprionamido]hexanoate; sulfosuccinimidyl6(3(-(-2-pyridyidithio)-propionamido]hexanoate;3-(2-pyridyidithio)-propionyl hydrazide, Ellman's reagent,dichlorotriazinic acid, S-(2-thiopyridyl)-L-cysteine. Further exemplarybifunctional spacers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,349,066.5,618,528, 4,569,789, 4,952,394, and 5,137,877.

The term linker and spacer may, in some embodiments, be considered to besynonymous.

Acid cleavable spacers, photocleavable and heat sensitive spacers mayalso be used, particularly where it may be necessary to cleave thetargeted agent to permit it to be more readily accessible to reaction.Acid cleavable linkers/spacers include, but are not limited to,bismaleimideothoxy propane; and adipic acid dihydrazide linkers (see,e.g., Fattom et al. (1992) Infection &Immun. 60:584-589) and acid labiletransferrin conjugates that contain a sufficient portion of transferrinto permit entry into the intracellular transferrin cycling pathway (see,e.g., Welhner et al. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266:4309-4314). Such acidcleavable spacers and heat sensitive spacers are useful in connectionwith caging the peptides, as described further.

Photocleavable linkers are linkers that are cleaved upon exposure tolight (see, e.g., Goldmacher et al. (1992) Bioconj. Chem. 3:104-107,which linkers are herein incorporated by reference), thereby releasingthe targeted agent upon exposure to light. Photocleavable linkers thatare cleaved upon exposure to light are known (see, e.g., Hazum et al.(1981) in Pept., Proc. Eur. Pept. Symp., 16th, Brunfeldt, K (Ed), pp.105-110, which describes the use of a nitrobenzyl group as aphotocleavable protective group for cysteine; Yen et al. (1989)Makromol. Chem 190:69-82, which describes water soluble photocleavablepolymers, including hydroxypropylmethacrylamide polymer, glycinepolymer, fluorescein polymer and methylrhodamine polymer; Goldmacher etal. (1992) Bioconj. Chem. 3:104-107, which describes a cross-linker andreagent that undergoes photolytic degradation upon exposure to near UVlight (350 mn); and Senter et al. (1985) Photochem. Photobiol42:231-237, which describes nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl chloride crosslinking reagents that produce photocleavable linkages), therebyreleasing the agent joined thereto upon exposure to light. Suchphotocleavable linkers are useful in connection with caging thepeptides, as described further.

The conjugates of this invention are characterized by the structure offormula 1:

wherein P is a caged cell penetrating peptide, M is a macromolecularcarrier molecule and D is a detectable agent or a therapeutic agent, andK and J are spacers, as described herein. According to this aspect, incertain embodiments of this invention, x, y, u and z indicatepercentages of the respective element composition of the conjugate,wherein x is between about 0.05%-50%, y is between 0 to 50, u is between0-50% and z is between 0-50%.

In some embodiments, as noted herein, the invention provides a method ofimaging an inflammatory condition in a subject, said method comprisingadministering a conjugate of the invention to said subject.

In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of imaging adisease associated with neovascularization in a subject, said methodcomprising administering a conjugate of this the invention to saidsubject.

In another embodiment, this invention provides a method of imaging acancerous cell or cancerous tissue in a subject, said method comprisingthe step of contacting said cancer or cancerous tissue with a conjugateof this invention.

In one embodiment imaging or detection is referred to as radiological.In one embodiment imaging or detection is done by means of an endoscope,for example, as described in Gahlen et al. (1999) J. Photochem.Photobiol. B. 52:131-5; Major et al., 1997, Gynecol. Oncol. 66:122-132,and others.

In one embodiment imaging or detection of the detectable moiety isaccomplished by means of a catheter based device, including fiber opticsdevices, for example, as described in Teamey et al. 1997, Science 276:2037-2039; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:4256-4261.

In some embodiments, according to this aspect, uncaging of the CPP maybe accomplished by the same means, via illumination at the appropriatesite, using inter alia, such technologies.

In other embodiments, any appropriate imaging technology may be used,for example, phased array technology (Boas et al. 1994 Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. USA 91: 4887-4891; Chance 1998, Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 838: 29-45),diffuse optical tomography (Cheng et al., 1998 Optics Express 3:118-123; Siegel et al. 1999, Optics Express 4: 287-298), intravitalmicroscopy (Dellian et al., 2000, Br. J. Cancer 82: 1513-1518; Monsky etal. 1999 Cancer Res. 59: 4129-4135; Fukumura et al. 1998, cell 94:715-725) and confocal imaging (Korlach et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA96: 8461-8466; Rajadhyaksha et al. 1995, J. Invest. Dermatol. 104:946-952; Gonzalez et al. 1999, J. Med. 30: 337-356), and others as willbe appreciated by the skilled artisan.

In one embodiment, the conjugates of this invention are useful inmethods for the imaging of individual cells, a group of cells, a tissue,an organ or a combination thereof.

In one embodiment, imaging is accomplished with computed tomography,computed radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, fluorescencemicroscopy, angiography, arteriography, or a combination thereof.

In one embodiment, the imaging methods of this invention are conductedon a subject and in one embodiment, the subject has or is suspected ofhaving cancer.

In one embodiment, the imaging methods as described herein may comprisenear infrared fluorescence imaging. In one embodiment, an advantages ofsuch optical imaging methods may include the use of non-ionizing lowenergy radiation, high sensitivity with the possibility of detectingmicron-sized objects, continuous data acquisition, and the developmentof potentially cost-effective equipment. Optical imaging can be carriedout at different resolutions and depth penetrations.Fluorescence-mediated tomography (FMT) can three-dimensionally localizeand quantify fluorescent probes in deep tissues at high sensitivity.Several NIR fluorochromes have recently been coupled to affinitymolecules (Becker, A., et al. Nature Biotechnology, 19: 327-331, 2001;Folli, S., et al Cancer Research, 54: 2643-2649, 1994, and can beadapted to comprise the polymers of this invention, as will beappreciated by one skilled in the art.

In one embodiment, the imaging methods as described herein may comprisenuclear imaging methods. Nuclear imaging is based on labeling moleculeswith a radioactive atom before their release in the system under study.Since photons of relatively high energy (>80 keV) can escape from thehuman body, it is possible to follow over time the 3D spatialdistribution of the radioactive tracer through detection of the emittedradiation. A large variety of isotopes can be imaged. Their broadestclassification is perhaps that in gamma and positron emitters: theformer family is at the basis of single photon emission methods (such asplanar scintigraphy and tomography, or SPECT), and the latter is used inPositron Emission Tomography (PET). Unlike in MRI or computed tomography(CT), the signal detected in nuclear imaging techniques is theradioactive emission of a single atom. Because these emissions arespecific to the radioisotope used, and because it is possible withstandard physics instrumentation to detect the emission of a singleatom, nuclear imaging enjoys the advantages of both high specificity andsensitivity. Structural information, however, may be obtained only asfar as the radiotracer redistributes following anatomical structures.Resolution of clinical scanners may be limited to about 5-6 mm for PETand −1 cm for SPECT, thus, nuclear imaging methods are often used tocomplement the information provided by CT and/or MM scans in the contextof multimodality imaging, and may be applied in this manner herein,representing an embodiment of this invention. In one embodiment, nuclearimaging is used in particular because of its sensitivity to extremelysmall quantities of matter. For example, it has recently been estimatedthat PET can detect as few as a cluster of 250 cells each bearing 30 Bqof 18F, which corresponds to 2.1 fg.

In another embodiment, different iodine isotopes can be chosen forradioactive labeling of compounds. In one embodiment, 1231, 1251 and1311 can be used to obtain molecules with the same chemical andbiological characteristics but different imaging and dosimetricproperties.

In another embodiment, the conjugates of this invention allow for thecombination of different imaging modalities. In one embodiment imagingcomprises X-ray, MM, ultrasound or a combination thereof.

In another embodiment, this invention provides a method of treating aninflammatory condition in a subject, said method comprisingadministering a conjugate of this invention to said subject.

In another embodiment, this invention provides a method of treating adisease associated with neovascularization in a subject, said methodcomprising administering a conjugate of this invention to said subject.

In another embodiment, this invention provides a method of treating acancerous cell or cancerous tissue in a subject, said method comprisingthe step of contacting said cancer or cancerous tissue with a conjugateof this invention.

In another embodiment, this invention provides for the use of aconjugate of this invention in the preparation of a medicament for usein treating an inflammatory condition in a subject.

In another embodiment, this invention provides for the use of aconjugate of this invention in the preparation of a medicament for usein treating a disease associated with neovascularization in a subject.

In another embodiment, this invention provides for the use of aconjugate of this invention in the preparation of a medicament for usein treating a cancerous cell or cancerous tissue in a subject.

In one embodiment, the term “treating” or “therapeutic agent” refers tocuring a disease or being associated with the same. In anotherembodiment, “treating” or “therapeutic agent” refers to preventing adisease or being associated with the same. In another embodiment,“treating” or “therapeutic agent” refers to reducing the incidence of adisease, or being associated with the same. In another embodiment,“treating” or “therapeutic agent” refers to inducing remission, slowingthe progression of a disease, “reducing”, “suppressing” and “inhibiting”or lessening or decreasing the disease or symptoms thereof or beingassociated with the same. The term “progression” may refers toincreasing in scope or severity, advancing, growing or becoming worse.The term “recurrence” refers, in one embodiment, to the return of adisease after a remission.

In one embodiment, the term “administering” refers to bringing a subjectin contact with a nucleotide molecule of the present invention. Inanother embodiment, administration is accomplished in vitro, i.e. in atest tube. In another embodiment, administration is accomplished invivo, i.e. in cells or tissues of a living organism. Each possibilityrepresents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

As exemplified herein, upon exposing the polymer-CPP conjugates tolight, the conjugate penetration into target cells was enhanced, andsuch method promoted more effective intracellular delivery of thepro-apoptotic anticancer model drug, which demonstrates the efficacy ofthe conjugates of this invention in treating various diseases, asdescribed herein.

Other methods caging of the CPP activity will be attained by theaddition of counter ion (polyanion) to polymer-CPP conjugates.

Uncaging the CPP conjugates include the addition of polycations forpolyanion-caged peptides.

In some embodiments, uncaging occurs following exposure to protamine.According to this aspect, and in some embodiments, the protamine isadministered intravenously to a subject to promote uncaging. In someembodiments, caged HPMA-CPP-polyanion complexes are administeredintraperitoneally (IP) and for uncaging, the Protamine is administeredintravenously.

Caging via a time-released protecting group is exemplified herein, aswell, which method may be another versatile means for regulated deliveryof the conjugates of this invention.

In some embodiments, the methods of this invention serve as a generalapproach to promoting cellular cytotoxic effects, via use of theconjugates, which serves to promote specific intracellular uptake withinthe cell or tissue against which a cytotoxic response is desired.

In some embodiments, the conjugates/compositions and methods of thisinvention are useful in the diagnosis of any vascularized tumor, forexample, a solid tumor, including but not limited to, carcinomas of thelung, breast, ovary, stomach, pancreas, larynx, esophagus, testes,liver, parotid, bilary tract, colon, rectum, cervix, uterus,endometrium, kidney, bladder, prostrate, thyroid, squamous cellcarcinomas, adenocarcinomas, small cell carcinomas, melanomas, gliomas,neuroblastomas, sarcomas (e.g., angiosarcomas, chondrosarcomas).

In some embodiments, the conjugates/compositions and methods are usefulin diagnosing other diseases associated with neovascularization, suchas, but not limited to inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn'sdisease and ulcerative colitis. Both Crohn's disease and ulcerativecolitis are characterized by chronic inflammation and angiogenesis atvarious sites in the gastrointestinal tract. Crohn's disease ischaracterized by chronic granulomatous inflammation throughout thegastrointestinal tract consisting of new capillary sprouts surrounded bya cylinder of inflammatory cells

Other angiogenesis-associated diseases or disorders which can bediagnosed and/or treated with the conjugates/compositions or by themethods encompassed by the present invention include, but are notlimited to, osteoarthritis, lupus, systemic lupus erythematosis,polyarteritis, artery occlusion, vein occlusion, carotid obstructivedisease, sickle cell anemia, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, Paget's disease,lyme's disease, Best's disease, Eale's disease, Stargardt's disease,toxoplasmosis, phylectenulosis, lipid degeneration, chronicinflammation, atherosclerosis, hereditary diseases, such asOsler-Weber-Rendu disease.

Any number of assays may be utilized in order to verify that the drugsare delivered to the appropriate site, and are functional, and suchassays will be tailored for the particular drug utilized and applicationevaluated.

Compositions

In one embodiment this invention provides a pharmaceutical compositioncomprising the conjugates of this invention.

In one embodiment the composition further comprising a carrier, diluent,lubricant, flow-aid, or a mixture thereof. In one embodiment thecomposition is in the form of a pellet, a tablet, a capsule, a solution,a suspension, a dispersion, an emulsion, an elixir, a gel, an ointment,a cream, an I.V. solution or a suppository.

In one embodiment the composition is in a form suitable for oral,intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, intracranial, intranasal,subcutaneous, parenteral, transmucosal, transdermal, intratumoral ortopical administration. In one embodiment the composition is acontrolled release composition.

In one embodiment the composition is an immediate release composition.In one embodiment the composition is a liquid dosage form. In oneembodiment the composition is a solid dosage form. In one embodiment thecomposition further comprises an antineoplastic compound, animmunotherapeutic agent or a drug.

Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention for parenteral injectioncomprise pharmaceutically acceptable sterile aqueous or nonaqueoussolutions, dispersions, suspensions, or emulsions as well as sterilepowders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions ordispersions just prior to use. Examples of suitable aqueous andnonaqueous carriers, diluents, solvents, or vehicles include water,ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethyleneglycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils(such as olive oil), and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coatingmaterials such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particlesize in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.

The term “parenteral” administration as used herein refers to modes ofadministration which include intravenous, intramuscular,intraperitoneal, intrathecally, intrasternal, subcutaneous andintraarticular injection and infusion.

In one embodiment the composition can be administered to humans andother animals.

In one embodiment, either a composition suitable for imaging methods asherein described, or a composition incorporating a therapeutic agent mayfurther comprise at least one antineoplastic compound, animmunotherapeutic agent or a drug.

In one embodiment, the compositions of this invention are biocompatible,and in another embodiment, may comprise pharmaceutically acceptablecarriers or excipients, such as disclosed in Remington's PharmaceuticalSciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., USA, 1985.

The conjugates of this invention may be used in the treatment ordiagnosis of certain conditions such as in tagging, detecting orremoving cancer cells

These compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservative,wetting agents, emulsifying agents, and dispersing agents. Prevention ofthe action of microorganisms may be ensured by the inclusion of variousantibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben,chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also bedesirable to include isotonic agents such as sugars, sodium chloride,and the like. Prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical formmay be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorptionsuch as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.

In some cases, in order to prolong the effect of the conjugates, it isdesirable to slow the absorption of the same following itsadministration. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquidsuspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor watersolubility. The rate of absorption of the drag then depends upon itsrate of dissolution which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size andcrystalline form.

The injectable formulations can be sterilized, for example, byfiltration through a bacterial-retaining filter or by incorporatingsterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which canbe dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectablemedium just prior to use.

Liquid dosage forms may include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions,solutions, suspensions, and others. In addition to the active compounds,the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in theart such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agentsand emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethylcarbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propyleneglycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethyl formamide, oils (in particular,cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, and sesame oils),glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fattyacid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof.

Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspendingagents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylenesorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminummetahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixturesthereof.

Actual dosage levels of active ingredients in the pharmaceuticalcompositions of this invention may be varied so as to obtain an amountof the active compound(s) that is effective to achieve the desiredtherapeutic response for a particular patient, compositions, and mode ofadministration. The selected dosage level will depend as upon theactivity of the particular compound, the route of administration, theseverity of the condition being treated, and the condition and priormedical history of the patient being treated. However, it is within theskill of the art to start doses of the compound at levels lower thanrequired to achieve the desired therapeutic effect and to graduallyincrease the dosage until the desired effect is achieved.

The magnitude of a prophylactic or therapeutic dose of thepharmaceutical composition of the invention will vary with the severityof the condition to be treated and the route of administration. Thedose, and perhaps the dose frequency, will also vary according to theage, body weight, and response of the individual patient.

Useful dosages of the conjugates of the present invention can bedetermined by comparing their in vitro activity, and in vivo activity inanimal models. Methods for the extrapolation of effective dosages inmice, and other animals, to humans are known to the art; for example,see U.S. Pat. No. 4,938,949.

In one embodiment, the composition is formulated for intratumoraladministration.

While certain features of the invention have been illustrated anddescribed herein, many modifications, substitutions, changes, andequivalents will now occur to those of ordinary skill in the art. It is,therefore, to be understood that the appended claims are intended tocover all such modifications and changes as fall within the true spiritof the invention.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are presented in order to more fully illustratesome embodiments of the invention. They should, in no way be construed,however, as limiting the scope of the invention.

Materials & Methods

All chemicals were of reagent grade and obtained from Sigma-Aldrich(Rehovot, Israel), unless otherwise mentioned. For uncaging the cCPP,filtered UV lamp (Vilber Lourmat, VL-6-L 700 μW/cm2 at 15 cm) was usedon samples in a closed box covered with aluminum foil. Fmoc-protected(1-) amino acids and resins were purchased from Novabiochem. HBTU waspurchased from GL biochem (Shanghai). HOBT was purchased from LuxembourgIndustries. MAP was purchased from Polysciences, Inc (Warrington, Pa.).FITC was purchased from Fluka. p-Nitrophenol, tertbutyl carbazate andLevulinic acid were purchased from Acros Organics. LysoTracker waspurchased from Invitrogen.

Synthesis of Peptides and Monomers

The monomers methacryloyl-glycylglycine p-nitrophenyl ester (MA-GG-ONp),methacryloyl-glycylglycine hydrazide-Boc (MA-GG-HZBoc),methacryloyl-aminopropyl fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate (MAP-FITC) andHPMA were synthesized as described previously. All peptides weresynthesized on solid-phase Rink-Amide MBHA resin using the Fmoc-basedchemistry. Peptide synthesis grade solvents (DMF and CH2Cl2), couplingreagent full name (HBTU) and base full name (DIPEA) were used for allsyntheses. The peptides were purified by semi-preparative HPLC(Thermo-Finnegan), and their identity and purity were analyzed byanalytical HPLC (Dionex), NMR (Bruker 400 MHz) and LCMS (Thermo).

KRRMKNvocWKNvocKNvoc; cCPP

The fully caged CPP was synthesized with 3 Lys side chain orthogonallyprotected by the 4-methyltrityl (Mtt) group. After synthesis of thefully protected peptide, the Mtt groups were selectively removed with 1%trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) in dry dichloro methane (DCM), repeating 10times for 2 minutes each time. The free ε-amine of the Lys side chainreacted with 4,5-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzyl formate (Nvoc-Cl) (5 molequivalents relative to the resin loading), N-hydroxybenzotriazole(HOBT) as coupling reagent (5 eq.) and DIPEA base (10 eq.) in dry DCMcontaining 1M LiCl, for 3 h and then again for 12 h. The caged peptide,equipped with the photocleavable group at the desired positions, wasobtained after cleavage and deprotection with the common cleavagemixture (95% TFA). MALDI-TOF. Found: 1877.58 and 939, calculated for M,and M/2 respectively.

Levulinic acid-_(D)(KLAKLAK)₂; KLAK. The proapoptotic peptide_(D)(KLAKLAK)₂ was prepared using the Fmoc method on a Rink Amide MBHAresin. The fully protected _(D)(KLAKLAK)₂ was then reacted with4-oxopentanoic acid (Levulinic acid, 5 eq), HBTU (5 eq) and DIPEA (20eq) in dry DMF for 3 h. The ketone containing peptide KLAK was obtainedafter cleavage and global deprotection with the common cleavage mixture(95% TFA). MALDI-TOF. Found: 1622.121 and 1645.53, calculated for M, andM+Na+ respectively.

Polymer Synthesis

The FITC-labeled HPMA copolymer precursor having active ester groups forpeptide attachment (M-(GG-ONp)-FITC) and the copolymer precursor withactive ester groups and protected hydrazone bonds (M-(GG-ONp)-HZBoc)were synthesized by random radical precipitation copolymerization asdescribed previously31. The number of ONp groups in both M-(GG-ONp)-FITCand M-(GG-ONp)-HZBoc copolymer precursors was estimated by following theUV absorption (400 nm) during the release of p-nitrophenol from thecopolymers in 1 N sodium hydroxide solution. FITC loading was determinedfrom its UV absorbance at 492 nm. The amount of MA-GG-HZBoc moieties wasassessed by 1H NMR in D20, using the Boe t-butyl protons chemical shift(δ 1.40, s, 9H) for the calculation. The weight average molecular weight(Mw) and polydispersity (I) of the copolymers were determined by SEC,using Sephacryl 16/60 S-400 column (GE Healthcare) with PBS buffer pH7.4, calibrated with fractions of known molecular weight HPMAcopolymers.

Synthesis of FITC Labeled-HPMA-cCPP Copolymer Conjugate, M-(cCPP)-FITC

cCPP was coupled to copolymer precursors containing reactive ONp estergroups (M-(GG-ONp)-FITC) via aminolysis in dark. Briefly, the polymerprecursor M-(GG-ONp)-FITC (20 mg) was dissolved in anhydrous DMSO (0.5mL) containing TEA (80 μL) and was then reacted with the cCPP (3 mg)containing N-terminal lysine for 48 h. To remove remaining ONp ester themixture was diluted with 2 ml of DDW pH 9 for 2 h. The reaction mixturewas purified twice on PD-10 column and lyophilized. The Mw ofM-(cCPP)-FITC was estimated by SEC on FPLC system using Sephacryl S-400column. The content of conjugated peptide was estimated by H-NMR. Acontrol polymer without cCPP (M-FITC) was obtained by releasing ONpgroups from M-(GG-ONp)-FITC in 1 N sodium hydroxide solution followed bypurification on PD-10 column.

Synthesis of D(KLAKLAK)2 Containing HPMA-cCPP Copolymer, M-(cCPP)-KLAK

The _(D)(KLAKLAK)₂ containing copolymer was prepared by a three-stepsprocedure. cCPP was first attached to the M-(GG-ONp)-HZBoc by aminolysisas described above, the Boe protecting groups were removed byconcentrated TFA, and Lev-_(D)(KLAKLAK)₂ was attached to the freehydrazone groups via the ketone group of levulinic acid. For the laststep, the intermediate copolymers with free hydrazone linkage,M-(cCPP)-HZ was dissolved in anhydrous methanol to a 10 wt % solution,and 60 mol % of Lev-_(D)(KLAKLAK)₂ (relative to the hydrazide content)was added under stirring. The reaction was performed in the dark for 48h after adding catalytic amount of acetic acid, as described 23 andterminated by the precipitation of the polymer in diethyl ether. Theconjugate was isolated and purified on LH-20 column using methanol aseluent. M-(cCPP)-KLAK conjugate was characterized by SEC on FPLC system,using Sephacryl S-400 column. The total _(D)(KLAKLAK)₂ content wasdetermined by quantitative ninhydrin assay of primary amines(identifying lysine residues in the sequence).

Uncaging kinetics of cCPP. cCPP (200 μM) was dissolved in 100 μL MOPSbuffer at pH=7.4 and exposed to UV light illumination (UV lamp 6 W; =365nm). Aliquots (30 μL) were removed at various time points, immediatelykept frozen, in dark until analyzed by HPLC. The molar fraction of cCPPwas calculated from its HPLC peak area.

Cell Cultures and Cellular Uptake

PC-3, SW480, A431 and 3LL cells were grown in DMEM suspension culturemedium supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 2 mM glutamine andpenicillin/streptomycin (100 U/ml, 100 mg/ml) (all from BiologicalIndustries, Kibbutz Beit-Haemek, Israel). Uptake of copolymers byvarious cells was estimated by flow cytometry (GUAVA Mini Easycyte)system. Cell monolayers were incubated with incubated with FITC-labeledcopolymer (M-(cCPP)-FITC, 40 μg/ml) in DMEM growth medium for 2 h.Control cells were incubated in medium under the same conditions. Afterincubation, cells were washed twice with medium, trypsinized, collected,rinsed with cold PBS and the cell-associated fluorescence was determinedimmediately using flow cytometry (excitation at 485 nm, emission at 525nm). For uncaging of M-(cCPP)-FITC the copolymer in PBS was illuminatedfor 10 min with UV A (365 nm, 6 W) prior to experiments.

Confocal Microscopy

Lysotracker Red DND99 (Molecular Probes, Leiden, The Netherlands) wasselected to visualize lysosomes. Cells (3×10⁴) were seeded onto coverslips in 24-well plate with 500 DMEM growth medium. 24 h after seeding,50 μg/ml of the FITC-labeled copolymers were added to the cells. Cellswere illuminated with UV light for 8 min (365 nm, 6 W) and thenincubated for 2 h. Cells were subsequently rinsed three times withmedium and exposed to Lysotracker (50 nm, 60 min, 37° C.), after whichthey were rinsed three times with cold PBS, fixed in 3%paraformaldehyde, stained with DAPI and mounted in Mowiol-DABCO mountingmedium (Aldrich Chemical Co., Milwaukee, Wis.; Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.,respectively). Images were acquired with an Olympus FV1000-IX81 ConfocalMicroscope (excitation at 488 nm, emission collected with a 515 nmbarrier filter), followed by a red filter analysis (excitation at 543nm, emission collected with a 570 nm barrier filter). Auto-fluorescencebackground was ascertained using control (untreated) cells.

Caging Via Reversible Electrostatic Interactions

HPMA-CPP-FITC conjugate was mixed with various polyanions such asPolyglutamic acid (PGA); Fucoidan (FI); Heparin sulfate (Hep) Hyaluronicacid (HA); Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), Amberlite IR120 (Amb) orPolyglycylglycine (P-GG) at a weight ratio of 3:1 or 5:1 in PBS. Thesolutions were left for 10 min at room temperature to allowHPMA-CPP-FITC-polyanion complex formation, and then added to B16 cellmonolayers in growth medium The reversibility of masking the CPPactivity in complexes was assessed following the addition of the counterpolycation, protamine to the incubation medium. B16 cells were treatedwith HPMA-CPP-FITC-polyanion complexes for 10 min, and then the counterpolycation protamine (4.7 KDa, 10-50 μg/ml, at the same weight ratio ofHPMA conjugate) was added to the cells. Control cells were treated withHPMA-CPP-FITC-polyanion complexes without protamin. After 1 h, the cellswere washed with PBS, harvested with trypsin and the cell associatedfluorescence was analyzed by flow cytometry.

Caging is Via a Time-Released Protecting Group

HPMA-CPP-FITC conjugate was mixed with 1,2-cyclohexanedione (CHD) or2,3-butadione (BD) (1:5 molar excess) for 2 h. The complexes werepurified on Sephadex G-25 (PD10) column and lyophilized. 50 μg/ml ofpolymer complex was added to B16 cancer cell monolayes in growth medium.Cells were washed with PBS, harvested at different time points withtrypsin and the cell related fluorescence was analyzed by flowcytometry.

Dose-Dependent Cytotoxicity Assay

The cytotoxicity of M-cCPP-KLAK, M-cCPP and o(KIAKLAK) (SEQ ID NO: 5)2,was assessed using a modified3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolinium bromide (MTT).All concentrations of KLAK-HPMA copolymers used for these experimentsare expressed in KLAK equivalents. All solutions were sterilized byfiltering through a 0.2-μm membrane filter. Cells were seeded into96-well microtitre plates at a density of 80,000 cells per well.Twenty-four hours after seeding, the sterile compounds M-cCPP-KLAK,M-cCPP) and (_(D)(KLAKLAK (SEQ ID NO: 5))₂, in fresh media were addedand cells were exposed to UV light illumination for different timeintervals or kept in the dark. Cells were then further incubated in thedark for 2.5 h. Cell survival assay was performed by discarding themedium followed by the addition of 100 μl of fresh medium and 25 μl of 5mg/ml MTT solution in DPBS to each well and incubating for 3 hours. Themedium was discarded and 100 μl of DMSO were added to dissolve Formazancrystals. The absorbance of each sample was measured at 570 nm.

Example 1 Synthesis of Targetable Polymer-CPP Conjugates

CPP with 3 Mtt-protected Lys, Ac-KRRMK^(Mtt)WK^(Mtt)K^(Mtt) (KRRMKWKXKSEQ ID NO: 6) was synthesized on a solid phase via Fmoc chemistry on aMBHA Resin. CPP was then modified to include 3 photolabile protectinggroups on Lys side chains to give the caged CPP (cCPP),Ac-KRRMK^(Nvoc)WK^(Nvoc)K^(Nvoc). The identity and purity (>90%) weredetermined by HPLC and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometer. In order to studythe uncaging kinetics of the peptide, a solution of cCPP (200 μM) wasexposed to UV light illumination (700 μW/cm2; λ=365 nm). Aliquots wereremoved at various time points, and then evaluated by high performanceliquid chromatography with UV detection (HPLC-UV) at 230 nm. The molarfraction of cCPP was calculated from its HPLC peak (FIG. 2). 8 minutesof illumination were sufficient to attain >80% of uncaged CPP, and thusfurther experiments were therefore undertaken with 8-10 min of lightillumination. The low illumination intensity (700 μW/cm² 0.5 J/cm²) atλ_(365 nm) is known to be relatively non toxic to cells.

The amine terminated cCPP was conjugated to FITC labeled HPMA copolymerprecursor having active p-nitrophenyl ester groups (ONp) (designated asM-(GG-ONp)-FITC, where M represents the HPMA copolymer backbone) or tocopolymer precursor with ONp groups and protected hydrazone bonds(M-(GG-ONp)-HZBoc), which later used for KLAK attachment.M-(GG-ONp)-FITC and M-(GG-ONp)-HZBoc were first synthesized by randomradical precipitation copolymerization of HPMA, MA-GG-ONp and MAP-FITCor MA-GG-HZBoc, as described previously (Shamay et al., Biomaterials,2009, 30, 6460-8). The estimated weighted average molecular weight (Mw)of M-(GG-ONp)-FITC was 23 kDa, and the copolymer contained 1.8 mol % ofMAP-FITC and 8 mol % of MA-GG-ONp (Table 1).

TABLE 1 Characteristics of FITC labeled HPMA-cCPP copolymer conjugates %% mol % Number of HPMA mol ONP or mol peptide per Conjugate MW I FITCCOOH cCPP macromolecule M-(GG-ONP)- 23000 1.42 1.8 8.3 0 0 FITC^(a)M-cCPP-FITC 23000 1.42 1.8 7.3 1 2 M-FITC 23000 1.42 1.8 8.3 0 0

M-(GG-ONp)-HZBoc contained 7.7 mol % and 6.4 mol % of MA-GG-ONp andMA-GG-HZBoc, respectively (Table 2).

TABLE 2 Characteristics of KLAK containing HPMA-cCPP copolymerconjugates Number of HPMA % mol % mol % mol KLAK per Cojugate MW I %Mole KLAK HZBOC ONP cCPP macromolecule M-(GG- 19600 1.37 0 6.4 7.7 0 0ONP)- HZBOC M-cCPP 19600 1.37 0 6.4 0 1 0 M-cCPP- 19600 1.37 5 1.4 0 1 6KLAK

The ε-amino group of the N-terminal lysine of cCPP was then coupled toM-(GG-ONp)-FITC and M-(GG-ONp)-HZBoc by aminolysis, while keeping theother three ε-amines protected with the photolabile group Nvoc (FIG. 3Aand FIG. 3B). Since cCPP still contains 2 positively charged arginineresidues in its sequence, the total amount of cCPP in the polymer waslimited to 1 mol %. This low mol % of cCPP ensures that the net chargeof the caged polymer will be negative owing to the excess (7 mol %)carboxylic acids of un-conjugated linker (Gly-Gly-COOH). M-(cCPP)-KLAKcopolymer was prepared by removal of the Boc protecting groups from thehydrazone groups, and subsequent reactions with the carbonyl group ofLevulinic acid (Lev)-containing _(D)(KLAKLAK)₂ (KLAK) with the freehydrazone end groups. The pH sensitive hydrazone bond on the copolymerbackbone is relatively stable in the blood circulation at pH 7.4, buthydrolytically degradable in mildly acidic environment (pH 5-6), thuscan facilitate drug release at endosomal or lysosomal compartments ofthe target cells. The Mw, polydispersity (I), and mol percent side chainloading of FITC, HZBoc and peptides, as obtained for the precursorcopolymer are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

Example 2 Targetable Polymer-CPP Conjugates are Internalized withinCells

To demonstrate that polymers with cCPP can penetrate cells only uponlight activation, various cell line monolayers (prostate cancer (PC-3);human epithelial carcinoma (A431); colon-adenocarcinoma (SW480); andLewis lung carcinoma (3LL)) were incubated with 40 μg/ml M-(cCPP)-FITCor M-FITC (without cCPP as control) in growth medium and exposed to 10min of UV-light illumination (k=365 nm, 700 μW/cm2) followed by 2 hincubation in 37° C. Cells were then washed twice with medium,trypsinized, collected and the cell-associated fluorescence wasdetermined immediately using flow cytometry (GUAVA MiniEasycyte system)(FIGS. 4A-4D). The results after 2 h (FIGS. 4A-4D) clearly confirm theremoval of the caging group by light stimuli for regaining CPP activityin all tested cells. Cell labeling increased by 20-100-fold whenilluminated. Similar fluorescence intensity was measured in illuminatedcells incubated with M-F1TC or in non-illuminated cells treated withM-(cCPP)-FITC. This shows that light illumination generates aswitch-like behavior with 100% of fluorescently-labeled cells. Sincetrypsin treatment removes most of membrane-bound polymers, the measuredfluorescence is related to internalized conjugate.

Confocal microscopy was used to evaluate the sub-cellular fate of theF1TC-labeled copolymers following light illumination in PC-3 cells insitu. Cells were incubated with the M-(cCPP}-FITC and either illuminated(λ=365 nm, 700 μW/cm2) for 8 min or kept in dark followed by 2 hoursincubation in growth medium at 37° C. FIGS. 5A-5F confirms the rapidinternalization of the polymer with cCPP upon light illumination, and toa significantly lower extent by non-illuminated cells. Thecolocalization of the lysosomal marker (Lysotracker Red) andM-(cCPP)-FITC on the illuminated cells, indicated that the copolymer wastaken up by the cells and transported into lysosomal compartments, whichare suitable for release of drugs through pH sensitive linkers like thehydrazone bond. Fluorescence was also detected at the plasma membraneand in the cytoplasm after illumination. In contrast, no fluorescencewas noted in non-illuminated cells incubated with M-(cCPP)-FITC after 2hours of incubation. This validates the flow cytometry data whichindicates that cCPP remains inactive and restores its activity onlyafter light illumination.

Example 3 In Vivo Application of Targeted Copolymers

In order to demonstrate the ability of polymer with cCPP to providecontrol over cell cytotoxic activity, the light-mediated cytotoxicity ofM-{cCPP}-KLAK was studied by following its growth-inhibitory activityagainst PC-3 cells over time (FIGS. 6A and 6B). Twenty-four hours afterseeding, cells were incubated with M-(cCPP)-KLAK, M-(cCPP) (controlvehicle) and KLAK, (free drug) and illuminated for different timeperiods. Cell viability was tested 2.5 hours after illumination by MTTassay. FIG. 6A demonstrates that cytotoxicity of M-{cCPP}-KLAK wasdependent on the drug concentration and duration of light illumination.3.5 minutes of light illumination were sufficient to kill 50% of treatedcells (IC₅₀) with M-{cCPP}-KLAK at 80 μM KLAK equivalent. The IC₅₀ doseof M-(cCPP)-KLAK at 40 μM and 20 μM KLAK was attained only after 6 and 8minutes of illumination, respectively. The KLAK peptide is known todisrupt the negatively charged mitochondrial membrane only wheninternalized, and its toxicity can be observed almost instantly. Sincefree KLAK peptide cannot penetrate the cell membrane26 no significanttoxicity was demonstrated towards PC-3 cells at 80 μM dose even after 15min of light illumination. The polymer without drug M-(cCPP) had notoxic effects against PC-3 cells at the highest (80 μM) equivalent doseof M-(cCPP)-KLAK even after 15 minutes of light illumination. Thisindicates that the caging molecule Nvoc had no effect on cell viabilityafter cleaved. Cell cytotoxicity was further tested in A431, 3LL, SW480and PC-3 cells at the same (60 μM KLAK equiv) dose following 8 min lightillumination (FIG. 6B). Cells were incubated with M-(cCPP)-KLAK,M-(cCPP) and KLAK and exposed to light illumination or kept in darkfollowed by 2.5 h incubation. The cell viability, as measured by the MITassay, demonstrated a ‘light switch’ cytotoxicity for M-(cCPP)-KLAK,with 90-100% viable cells kept under dark and a significant toxicity(only to 10-20% viable cells) upon illumination. These findings clearlyindicate that light illumination enhances the penetration of thepolymer-CPP conjugates into target cells and promote more effectiveintracellular delivery of the pro-apoptotic anticancer model drug.

Example 4 Regulated Systems for Reversible Caging of Targeted Copolymers

In order to demonstrate the versatility of the platform for thepolymer-CPP conjugates additional regulated systems for reversiblecaging mechanisms were developed. Caging via reversible electrostaticinteractions and caging via time-released protecting groups wereprepared and evaluated.

HPMA-CPP-FITC conjugate was mixed with different polyanions (Hep, FI,PGA, HA, P-GG, LMWH, Amb) and then added to B16-cell monolayers andcompared to control cells treated with HPMA-CPP-FITC conjugate alone(FIGS. 7A-7D). The mean fluorescence intensity was significantly reducedfollowing pre-treatment with Hep, LMWH, FI, PGA, PGG 100%, and Amb, dueto the efficient masking of the CPP activity. HPMA-CPP-FITC polyanioncomplexes incubated with B-16 cells over time demonstrated a reducedfluorescence intensity which was stable for at least 6 hours (FIGS.8A-8D).

The masking of CPP activity by the polyanion complexes was readilyreversible following the addition of the polycation, protamine (4.7 KD)(FIGS. 9A-9D). Greater intensity is readily seen in protamine treated(black lines) versus untreated (gray lines) samples.

The efficiency of polyanion release from HPMA-CPP-FITC complexes byprotamine was at the following order: LMWH>P-GG100%>FI>Hep(corresponding to outermost versus innermost graphs) (FIG. 10).

Reversible caging via a time-release mechanism is accomplished via theuse of protecting groups, as well. An HPMA-CPP-FITC (P-CPP)-CHD complexwas formed and then added to B16 cell monolayers. After 15 h, 40% of theCPP activity was regained. 100% of CPP activity was attained 24 h posttreatment (FIG. 11) showing the reversible caging over time in thissystem.

While the present invention has been particularly described, personsskilled in the art will appreciate that many variations andmodifications can be made. Therefore, the invention is not to beconstrued as restricted to the particularly described embodiments, andthe scope and concept of the invention will be more readily understoodby reference to the claims, which follow.

It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changesin form and details may be made therein without departing from thespirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain usingno more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specificembodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents areintended to be encompassed in the scope of the claims.

In one embodiment of this invention, “about” refers to a quality whereinthe means to satisfy a specific need is met, e.g., the size may belargely but not wholly that which is specified but it meets the specificneed of cartilage repair at a site of cartilage repair. In oneembodiment, “about” refers to being closely or approximate to, but notexactly. A small margin of error is present. This margin of error wouldnot exceed plus or minus the same integer value. For instance, about 0.1micrometers would mean no lower than 0 but no higher than 0.2. In someembodiments, the term “about” with regard to a reference valueencompasses a deviation from the amount by no more than 5%, no more than10% or no more than 20% either above or below the indicated value.

In the claims articles such as “a,”, “an” and “the” mean one or morethan one unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from thecontext. Claims or descriptions that include “or” or “and/or” betweenmembers of a group are considered satisfied if one, more than one, orall of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwiserelevant to a given product or process unless indicated to the contraryor otherwise evident from the context. The invention includesembodiments in which exactly one member of the group is present in,employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process. Theinvention also includes embodiments in which more than one, or all ofthe group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant toa given product or process. Furthermore, it is to be understood that theinvention provides, in various embodiments, all variations,combinations, and permutations in which one or more limitations,elements, clauses, descriptive terms, etc., from one or more of thelisted claims is introduced into another claim dependent on the samebase claim unless otherwise indicated or unless it would be evident toone of ordinary skill in the art that a contradiction or inconsistencywould arise. Where elements are presented as lists, e.g. in Markushgroup format or the like, it is to be understood that each subgroup ofthe elements is also disclosed, and any element(s) can be removed fromthe group. It should be understood that, in general, where theinvention, or aspects of the invention, is/are referred to as comprisingparticular elements, features, etc., certain embodiments of theinvention or aspects of the invention consist, or consist essentiallyof, such elements, features, etc. For purposes of simplicity thoseembodiments have not in every case been specifically set forth in haecverba herein. Certain claims are presented in dependent form for thesake of convenience, but Applicant reserves the right to rewrite anydependent claim in independent format to include the elements orlimitations of the independent claim and any other claim(s) on whichsuch claim depends, and such rewritten claim is to be consideredequivalent in all respects to the dependent claim in whatever form it isin (either amended or unamended) prior to being rewritten in independentformat.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of imaging a cancerous cell or canceroustissue or an inflamed tissue in a subject in need thereof, the methodcomprising: a) contacting the cancerous cell or cancerous tissue orcontacting the inflamed tissue with a caged cell penetrating peptide(cCPP)-macromolecular carrier conjugate of formula 1:

wherein x, y, u, and z are independently percentages of the respectiveelement composition of the conjugate, wherein x is present from0.05%-50%, y is present from 0-50%, u is present from 0-50% and z ispresent from 0-50%; P is a caged cell penetrating peptide, wherein theamino acid sequence of the cell penetrating peptide comprises the aminoacid sequence KRRMKWKK; M is a macromolecular carrier moleculeconsisting of underivatized monomers selected from the group consistingof N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA), N-methylacrylamide,N,N-dialkylacrylamides, acrylic acid, polyethylene glycol, methacrylicacid, polyamino acids, polysaccharides, polyvinyl pyrrolidone-maleicanhydride polymers, polylactic-co-glycolic acid, and combinationsthereof; D is a detectable agent or a therapeutic agent, or acombination thereof, wherein the detectable agent is fluorescent,radioactive, luminescent or electron dense, and wherein the therapeuticagent is a toxin, a chemotherapeutic agent, _(D)(KLAKLAK)₂, KLAK, aradioisotope, an antimetabolite, a microtubule inhibitor, or acombination thereof; and J and K are spacer molecules; b) uncaging thecCPP, wherein the conjugate is specifically internalized within thecancerous cell or cancerous tissue or inflamed tissue, or cellsproximally located thereto; and c) imaging the cancerous cell andcancerous tissue or the inflamed tissue of the subject by detecting theuptake of the detectable agent D of the conjugate by the cancerous cellor cancerous tissue or by the inflamed tissue.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein the method further comprises: d) diagnosing the presence of acancerous cell or cancerous tissue in the subject, by detecting uptakeof the detectable agent D of the conjugate by the cancerous cell orcancerous tissue in step (c); and e) selecting the subject in (d) for ananti-cancer treatment or therapy.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein theuncaging occurs as a function of time.
 4. The method of claim 1, whereinthe uncaging occurs following exposure of a region comprising theconjugate to a light source.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein theuncaging occurs following exposure to protamine.
 6. The method of claim2, wherein the method further comprises providing an anti-cancer therapyto the subject.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the anti-cancertherapy comprises surgery, chemotherapy, radiation or a combinationthereof.
 8. The method of claim 2, wherein the detection is an opticaldetection.
 9. A method of treating a cancerous cell or cancerous tissueor an inflamed tissue in a subject in need thereof, the methodcomprising: a) contacting a cancerous tissue or cancerous tissue or theinflamed tissue of the subject in need thereof with an effective amountof a caged cell penetrating peptide (cCPP)-macromolecular carrierconjugate of formula 1:

wherein x, y, u, and z are independently percentages of the respectiveelement composition of the conjugate, wherein x is present from0.05%-50%, y is present from 0-50%, u is present from 0-50% and z ispresent from 0-50%; P is a caged cell penetrating peptide, wherein theamino acid sequence of the cell penetrating peptide comprises the aminoacid sequence KRRMKWKK; M is a macromolecular carrier moleculeconsisting of underivatized monomers selected from the group consistingof N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA), N-methylacrylamide,N,N-dialkylacrylamides, acrylic acid, polyethylene glycol, methacrylicacid, polyamino acids, polysaccharides, polyvinyl pyrrolidone-maleicanhydride polymers, polylactic-co-glycolic acid, and combinationsthereof; D is a detectable agent or a therapeutic agent, or acombination thereof, wherein the detectable agent is fluorescent,radioactive, luminescent or electron dense, and wherein the therapeuticagent is a toxin, a chemotherapeutic agent, _(D)(KLAKLAK)₂, KLAK, aradioisotope, an antimetabolite, a microtubule inhibitor, or acombination thereof; and J and K are spacer molecules; b) uncaging thecCPP, wherein the conjugate is specifically internalized within thecancerous cell or cancerous tissue or inflamed tissue, or cellsproximally located thereto; and c) delivering the therapeutic agent ofstep (a) inside the cancerous cell or cancerous tissue or inside theinflamed tissue of the subject in need thereof.
 10. The method of claim9, wherein the therapeutic agent ameliorates or abrogates cancerpathogenesis in the subject.
 11. The method of claim 2, wherein theanti-cancer therapy is selected from the group consisting of surgery,chemotherapy, radiation or a combination thereof.